The Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific (GERIAP) project funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) was coordinated by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and implemented together with national focal points in nine countries, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. The project had three components: capacity-building, demonstration of cleaner production and energy efficiency options in selected industrial plants and a study on barriers to improving energy efficiency. The evaluator concluded that the project objective was largely achieved through the following: development of the Energy efficiency guide for industry in Asia and capacity-building of the national focal points and industrial plants; implementation of cleaner production and energy efficiency options; dissemination of the project results and findings; and sharing of knowledge across national boundaries.

The aim was to carry out an analysis of the outputs and outcomes of the REEEP projects, identify the lessons learned, and gauge the contribution of these projects towards clean energy market development. The report was based on an analysis of the outputs and outcomes of 47 REEEP supported projects for the purpose of presenting the big-picture of REEEP projects funded from 2005 to 2007. In order to answer REEEP's key questions, the study team used a methodology with several steps: project desk review, a survey, case studies, field visits and follow-up interviews.

This report explains why a metric for the vulnerability and resilience of energy systems is needed and proposes a methodology. It summarises anticipated climate-induced impacts on key energy systems and outlines possible adaptation measures. Observations and analyses from studies of ten Sub-Saharan countries currently applying the developed metric are presented.The report concludes with a series of recommendations to help reinforce the resilience of energy systems.

Mechanisms for support to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) have potential to upscale adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices in developing countries. Discussions of both NAMAs and agricultural mitigation have focused on methodologies for estimating emission reductions and data requirements for MRV. But the quality and credibility of NAMA MRV is also determined by institutional processes for MRV. There has been little documentation of agricultural monitoring and evaluation systems in developing countries and no previous analysis of whether they provide a credible basis for MRV of climate impacts. This paper describes an existing MRV system for a large scale grass cultivation programme in China and explores attributes of the MRV system that are consistent with the principles for credible MRV in existing UNFCCC mechanisms. Based on the case study, the paper suggests that agricultural MRV systems may be credible where (i) their procedures are encoded in explicit rules that are transparently communicated, (ii) they include provisions for quality control and quality assurance, and (iii) they are based on institutional arrangements that provide accountability in ways appropriate to the national context. We conclude that design of agricultural NAMAs would benefit from considering existing agricultural MRV systems and assessing the extent to which they are able to provide an institutional basis for credible MRV in national and international climate policy contexts.

The three country energy efficiency project (3CEE project) or Developing Financial Intermediation Mechanisms for Energy Efficiency Projects intended to achieve major increases in energy efficiency investments by the domestic financial sectors in Brazil, China and India, the three largest economies in the developing world. The aim was to overcome barriers to financing energy efficiency projects, and to identify financial mechanisms adapted to each country's conditions.

The Energy Management and Performance Related Savings Scheme (EMPRESS) project aimed at the promotion of industrial energy-efficiency using Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) as an energy management tool to save energy and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The project intended to build a market for this tool by coupling M&T with private sector financing. Typically, an Energy Service Company (ESCO) provides the technical assistance needed for M&T operations to client firms, and helps to identify and to implement the energy savings measures and to support the investment costs.

As stated in the project appraisal document the global environmental objective was to reduce transport-derived greenhouse gas emissions by developing a model infrastructure facility program in Gdańsk to help individual citizens change their primary mode

To create a comprehensive Rural Electrification Strategy and an enabling environment for exploiting renewable energy; and (ii) To implement appropriate institutional set-up and regulatory framework for rural electrification and renewable energy developm

As mentioned in the project appraisal document, the project had following five specific objectives:

As noted in the project appraisal document, this project's development objective was to help Hungary improve its energy efficiency and thus contribute to various national objectives including reduced air pollution, more efficient use of financial and n

The objective of the proposed project is to assist the Government of Peru in removing barriers to sustainable rural electrification using photovoltaic (PV) technology in remote rural areas, thereby reducing the long-term growth of the greenhouse gas (GHG)

The project objective is to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide by improving energy management practices and indentifying investments in SMEs through a structured approach. The structured approach will be built on and consistent with the Environmental Management System framework embodied in UNEP's Cleaner Production programme. Project services are to be delivered through selected National Cleaner Production Centers, drawing on their extensive networks in industry and experience in promoting environmental management with a preventive, cost-effective focus.

Reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China from the Townships and Villages Enterprises (TVE) sector by increasing the utilization of energy efficient technologies and products in the brick, cement, metal casting and coking sectors.The development objective of this project is to reduce the potential adverse social, environmental and economic consequences of global climate change by reducing GHG emissions from TVE-based production and use of building materials, coke and metal-casts. This will also lead to improvements in the quality of life in rural areas.

Energy consumption in the buildings sector is expected to surpass the transport sector as the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in Tunisia by 2020. The objective of this project was to remove identified barriers to the adoption and enforcement of regulatory measures imposing optimal energy efficient building standards for all new buildings in the Tunisian commercial and residential sectors.

Mongolia has a very high emission of CO2 per capita (higher many developed countries); and burning of coal to heat buildings result in serious pollution and related health problems. Introduction of efficient heating insulating technologies also decrease the pressure on trees (less demand for wood) in arid and semi-arid areas and assists Mongolia in its battle against desertification and land degradation.The project's objective is to reduce CO2 emissions from burning coal for heating. Also, less wood will be burnt for heating, further reducing CO2 emissions and protecting shrubs and forests.

The project development objective was to improve efficiency in the supply and use of energy in Brazil, with a focus on electric energy. The key objective of the project is the creation of a market -based energy efficiency industry by removing market barriers, enhancing institutional delivery mechanisms, and encouraging the development of energy service companies.

The overall objective of this project is to assist Romania in reducing the long-term growth of GHG emissions from heat and power generation plants and from consumption of fossil fuel sources in the main sectors of energy demand. The development objectives of the project are to increase the energy efficiency in Romania by removing the existing technological, institutional, and financial barriers that limit and prevent sustainable energy efficiency investments in Romania and developing capacity.

The global environmental objective of this project is to assist the Syrian Arab Republic in its efforts to reduce the growth of GHG emissions that result from electric power generation and the inefficient consumption of carbon based fuels. It is expected that by the year 2008, the objectives will contribute to reduce energy consumption by a total of 1.83 percent compared to the current levels and to reduce CO2 emissions by 765.5 Ton.

The original objective was to assist Thailand to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the building chiller sector, and reduce consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS) consistent with its targets under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MP).

The overall objective of this project is to assist the Government of Tunisia in reducing the long-term growth of GHG emissions from electric power generation and from consumption of non-renewable fuel resources. In responding to the new operating conditions, public and private industry must invest in process modifications of cooling appliance equipment to remain competitive, with excellent likelihood that their investments will have favorable rates of return based on savings from reduced operating costs. The funding for this project will leverage the new investments in ways that are most beneficial to the global environment.

Country: The Palestinian Authority The project's development objective was to address energy efficiency within the energy sector in the Palestinian Authority (PA), thereby assisting in the long term reduction of Greenhouse Gas emissions from electricity

The overall project objective was to contribute to carbon dioxide emissions reduction by stimulating self-replicable technological and institutional changes that would promote coal to gas conversion in small and medium boilers; inducing more energy-efficient practices in the architectural design and operation of new residential buildings; demonstrating interfuel substitution and technological innovation to improve overall energy efficiency throughout the heat supply chain, as a means of reducing CO2 emissions; and building up institutional capacity in making judgments about the ability of a project to capture global externalities, such as CO2 emission abatement.

Nine countries are included in a GEF-supported global Electric Lighting Initiative (ELI) and the project was complementary to the Argentina components, which did not include any activities in the SL sector. IFC was the implementing agency for the project through the World Bank, with GEF grant-financing for the project which comprised administration, financial and technical advisory services. The physical investments that were to be facilitated were to retro-fit municipal publicSL with more efficient and established technologies, and would be financed from a number of sources including commercial banks using eligible IFC credit lines, savings in energy costs, SL taxes and supplier/contractor/local government equity.

Reduce Emissions of GHG, notably CO2, by increasing the efficiency and reliability of heat and power supply to the city of Kyjov and to a local glass factory (Vetropak Moravia Glas s.a. (VMG) Factory), through the introduction of gas-fired combined-cycle heat and power (CHP) production and through intensified use of waste process heat generated at VMG.

From 1991 to 2000, the GEF approved eight projects designed to stimulate markets for energy-efficient products-lights, refrigerators, industrial boilers, and building chillers-in 12 developing and transitional countries. Project costs for this portfolio are about half a billion dollars, with GEF contributions of over $90 million leveraging additional co-financing of $430 million from other sources. Many of these projects take so-called market transformation approaches, which gained favor in developed countries in the 1990s. In general, market transformation programs aim to change market structure or function through both supply push and demand pull in order to sustainably increase the adoption of energy-efficient products, services, and practices.

GEF climate change programs are innovative and unique because they reflect integrated strategies to remove barriers and reduce costs for a broad range of applications and markets for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. After eight years of operation, GEF has amassed a project portfolio of 72 such projects in 45 countries, for which it has provided more than US$700 million. So far, performance indicators have been specified, and a few evaluations have occurred only for individual projects. Most projects do a reasonable job of specifying project-specific performance indicators during the project design and approval process. But these indicators tend to measure discrete project activities or their direct outputs rather than outcomes and the attainment of broader objectives.

Demand of power in the Philippines is concentrated in Luzon Grid by about 75%, however, construction or addition of a new power generation facility didn't take place until the second half of 1980s. Due to the deterioration of facilities, power generation function was seriously deteriorated and chronic power-cut persisted due to the lack of electricity until the first half of 1990s. The basic idea of the 3 energy policies upheld by the government of Philippines were "reliable power supply at reasonable price", "promotion of efficient energy use" and "development of energy with minimum environmental impact". Based on the basic idea, the country targeted to reduce dependency on imported oil from 51.4% in 1986 to 46.9% in 1992 and strengthen geothermal power generation.

The early development of the mass public transport system, which is safe, comfortable, economical, punctual and clean, has been anticipated to resolve the worsened road transport condition, and planning of construction of elevated railway network, which is free from at-grade traffic congestion has been promoted. The project objective is to ease traffic congestion and improve the urban environment by improving traffic and transport conditions in Metro Manila, which is mainly relied on the road transportation mode, through construction of a new mass transit line (Line 2).

The government of the Republic of Turkey heavily depends upon imports for its energy. Hence, it has been eagerly promoting energy conservation since the oil crisis. However, the self-supply rate of energy was less than 50% in 1997. This rate has been declining year on year in line with the rapid increase in energy consumption. NECC has been promoting energy conservation primarily for more than 600 companies with large-scale plants by offering training courses in energy management. However, there were not enough training facilities available to achieve significant outcomes. The Turkish Government stipulated the

The Republic of Poland has become an energy-importing country since 1986 because of increasing oil and natural gas consumption. In order to facilitate such circumstances, it promotes policies aiming at enhancing energy security, industrial competitiveness and environmental protection by furnishing the Energy Law and the related legislations in 1997. Poland works very hard to realize various international treaties in energy conservation such as Kyoto Protocol as priority because Poland's accession to the European Union is in progress. From the viewpoint of international cooperation, Poland ratified Kyoto Protocol in 2002. It is Poland's priority to endeavor the implementation and realization of energy conservation and environmental regulations of EU.

In large cities like Delhi and Kolkata, traffic congestion accompanying the increase in road traffic demands has become a serious issue, accelerating economic loss and health hazards caused by atmospheric contamination, noise and other forms of vehicle-related pollution. Consequently, there is a need to develop a public transportation system for alleviating traffic congestion and improving the urban environment. The objective of this project is to cope with the surge in traffic demand in the Delhi metropolitan area, the capital city of India, by extending the mass rapid transportation system with a total length of approximately 83 km, and thereby promoting regional economic development and improving urban environment, through mitigation of traffic jams and decrease of pollution caused by the increasing number of motor vehicles.

The Bangkok Metropolitan area has a population of approximately 9.79 million people (as of 2005) and is the political and economic center of Thailand. With Thailand's economic recovery following the Asian currency crisis, urban industrial activity has surged, leading to an increase in the number of automobiles and other vehicles. As a result, there has been a serious rise in traffic congestion in the transportation system, which depends heavily on the automobile. Moreover, air pollution caused by automobiles is recognized as a problem, and measures to ease the load on the environment are required. The aim of this project is to increase in traffic demand and mitigate traffic congestion in Bangkok Metropolitan Area by constructing new mass transit railway line, thereby contributing to urban economic development and environmental improvement.

In recent years in India, urbanization continues to progress and the number of registered cars and motorcycles increase dramatically. As a result, the traffic congestion in urban areas has become a serious problem. In large cities like Delhi and Chennai, the traffic congestion accompanying the increase in road traffic demands has become a serious issue, accelerating economic loss and health hazards caused by environment contamination, noise and other forms of vehicle-related pollution. Consequently, there is a need to develop a most suited public transportation system for alleviating traffic congestion and reducing vehicle pollution. The objective of this project is to cope with the surge in traffic demand in the Delhi metropolitan area, the capital city of India, by extending the mass rapid transportation system with a total length of approximately 83 km, and thereby promoting regional economic development and improving urban environment, through mitigation of traffic jams and decrease of pollution caused by the increasing number of motor vehicles.

The objective of the Project is to cope with the growing traffic demand in the Chennai metropolitan area in the State of Tamil Nadu, by developing the mass rapid transit system, thereby contributing to regional economic development and improvement of the urban environment through alleviation of traffic congestion and reduction of traffic pollution. The Project aims to develop a mass rapid transit system with two lines totaling approximately 43 km in length in the Chennai metropolitan area.

The project aims to improve the efficiency and stability of electricity supply in the rural areas from Jamuna River and to the south/west through the construction and rehabilitation of power distribution facilities. The Project in particular is expected to contribute to the improvement of livelihood in the poverty-stricken rural areas through efforts to satisfy power demand that increases in the dry season for the better operation of irrigation facilities. In addition, the Project is also expected to reduce system loss in the existing power distribution networkThe purpose of the Project is to construct and rehabilitate the existing power distribution facilities to reduce power distribution loss and strengthen and stabilize the power supply systems, which will make power supply efficient and thereby contribute to the economic development and poverty reduction in the western and the southern part of Bangladesh. In addition, the Project will also contribute to the elimination of greenhouse gas through improvements in the efficiency of aged power distribution facilities.

Para cubrir su demanda de energía, la República Dominicana (RD) depende fuertemente de combustibles fósiles importados. Al mismo tiempo, el país dispone de un alto potencial de energías renovables (energía hidráulica, eólica y solar, biomasa) que casi no se explota. Una de las razones principales del poco uso es la falta de un marco legal transparente y de instrumentos de fomento. Por ello, las experiencias con tecnologías propias de uso sostenible de fuentes energéticas renovables son escasas o inexistentes. Además, un número estimado de 350.000 hogares, sobre todo a nivel rural, no tiene suministro de energía eléctrica lo que afecta, de manera correspondiente, la calidad de vida de las personas, sus posibilidades económicas y de empleo, la atención de salud y el acceso a información y comunicación. Para estos hogares, las tecnologías de energías renovables son una opción ecológica y muchas veces también de bajo costo para obtener electricidad.

Viet Nam has a long coastline stretching roughly 3, 400 km and a vast delta area. According to the researches done by other donors and institutions, such as the World Bank, Viet Nam is one of the most vulnerable countries to effects of climate change. The Government of Viet Nam announced analytical results of potential effects of climate change scenarios, which indicated that the average temperature would go up by 2.3

The objective of the Project is to cope with the growing traffic demand in the Delhi metropolitan area, the capital city of India, by extending the mass rapid transport system totaling approximately 83 km in length, thereby contributing regional economic development and improvement of the urban environment, through alleviation of traffic congestion and reduction of traffic pollution. As the phase 2 part of the entire Delhi Mass Rapid Transport System Project envisaging the construction of 414 km of urban railway in Delhi metropolitan area, the Project aims to extend underground and elevated railway totaling 83km in length (7 segments in 6 lines).

Objeto da Avaliação ex-post (Ex-Post-Evaluierung) é o Projeto apoiado pela GTZ Uso Eficiente de Energia em Pequenas e Médias Empresas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ("Energieeinsparung in Klein- und Mittelindustrie im Bundesstaat Rio de Janeiro"). Trata-se de uma Atividade de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento ligada á cooperação técnica para o desenvolvimento realizada no Brasil. Este projeto foi desenvolvido em duas fases de fomento, tendo iniciado em julho de 1995 e sendo finalizado em junho de 2004, com uma duração de 9 anos. A organização responsável pela execução e organização do projeto foi o SEBRAE/RJ (Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio ás Micro e Pequenas Empresas do Rio de Janeiro), tendo como parceiros (em cooperação com) o INT (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia), o SENAI/RJ (Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial do Rio de Janeiro) e na segunda fase o CEFET/RJ (Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca/ Rio de Janeiro).

L'évaluation ex-post du Programme Energie Domestique Sahel "(PED Sahel) a été mise en oeuvre par l'institut Südwind chargé par la GTZ. L'équipe d'évaluation était composée d'Oliver Karkoschka (expert international) et d'Ibrahima Sylla comme expert national. L'évaluation s'est déroulée sur la période d'octobre 2007 á janvier 2008. Les analyses au Mali et Burkina Faso ont eu lieu du 25.11. au 15.12. 2007. L'évaluation de la performance s'est effectuée á travers les cinq critères d'évaluation de l'OCDE-CAD. L'objet de l'évaluation a été le "Programme Energie Domestique Sahel" (PED Sahel) qui a été intégré dans le "Programme Régional des Énergies Domestiques et Alternatives au Sahel (PREDAS)" dans sa deuxième phase. La durée totale du projet a été de dix ans étalés en deux phases sur la période de janvier 1996 á décembre 2005. La contribution totale de la partie allemande s'est élevée á 2,838 Mio. EUR.

The project contribution includes provision of the photovoltaic pumps, on-the-job training, public relations work, consultancy and continuous support, as well as documenting the experiences. At the time Germany's assistance ended in May 2002, the partner experts and equipment users in the three project countries Chile, Ethiopia and Jordan had been qualified to evaluate the PVP technology for irrigation purposes from organisational, economic and technical perspectives and where appropriate to share their experiences with intermediary institutions. It was possible to demonstrate the technical reliability and ecological advantages of the irrigation systems during the pilot projects in the three countries. Valuable findings were made at least in Chile as regards the economic evaluation of the application potentials of such systems.

The overall purpose is to examine from an expert external perspective, if this policy focus has had tangible impacts that have left communities and nations in a better position to cope with disasters. Due to different factors (e.g. increased poverty, climate variability and change) disasters are becoming more common. Frequent disasters push poverty and environmental degradation further down to complete a vicious cycle that begins with poverty linked enhanced vulnerability to natural hazards. Recognition of these linkages is a key factor in making a sustained impact through aid interventions, particularly in the context of climate change scenarios of enhanced incidence of adverse weather events.

This evaluation assesses the outcomes of UNDP's support to capacity building for disaster reduction in Vietnam. It considers how a wide variety of initiatives, ranging from specialised technical assistance to the creation of multi-stakeholder partnerships, have contributed to enhancing capacities for disaster mitigation, preparedness, early warning, response and recovery. It also analyses how the

L'effet recherché par le Programme de pays 2005-2009 du Burundi dans le Renforcement des Capacités dans les domaines de l'environnement, de la prévention et de la gestion des risques naturels et des catastrophes est

The project aimed at strengthening the capacity of government at all levels to support local communities to be better prepared for disasters and to be more effective in responding to disasters when they occur. As a result of this intervention, communities will become more aware of disaster risks and how they can be reduced. The primary target beneficiaries are central government through the Department of Civil Protection, local government through Provincial and District disaster management committees and local population at grassroots.The project focuses on five main areas:Institutional capacity needs assessment (Assessing structures, systems, human resources, capital, equipment etc). Disaster risk assessment (analysis of the hazards, vulnerabilities and capacity of communities to determine the nature and extent of their risk). Updating the national strategy and plan and also supporting the preparation of pilot provincial and district disaster management strategies and plans in selected pilot provinces and districts. Support to the legislative and policy development and implementation process and institutional strengthening (Done through training, equipment and materials acquisition).

The overall program aims to contribute towards social and economic development goals of the National Governments and State Governments in two sub national networking hubs to minimize loss of development from Natural Disasters and reduce vulnerability. As per the design, the expected output of the program is to demonstrate a sustainable model for mainstreaming disaster risk management (DRM) at different levels with special focus at District and Community Level. The core theme however, is to strengthen capacities of communities, local selfgovernments and districts to deal with future disasters. The projects indicators of achieving the objectives are: Risk reduction factored in rapid disaster recovery.Disaster mitigated and development gains protected. Disaster risk considerations mainstreamed into development. Gender equity in preparedness.

El objetivo es el fortalecimiento de las capacidades del sistema Nacional de Emergencia y el desarrollo de las politicas y de un programa de reduccion de riesgos para introducir el manejo de riesgos en los procesos del desarrollo de Uruguay. Para ello se impulsara un proceso para desarrollar el SNE a partir de un marco de politicas, estrategias, de normas legales y de un programa de gestion de riesgo conducentes a incorporar la reduccion de riesgos en las actividades de desarrollo del pais.

The regional program results from consultations in Central Asia on environment and security issues in 2003 - 2005 that emphasized the importance of natural disasters as part of an environmental security agenda. It was therefore decided to add disaster risk management as a component to the environment and security program that focuses upon the Ferghana Valley as a regional hot spot. In the course of planning the more ambitious overall goals of the program which aimed to reduce disaster risk as a potential conflict generating factor in the valley were effectively reduced to two largely local and independent project proposals submitted by UNDP Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The third country bordering upon the Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan did not join the program.

The Comprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDPM) is a five year multi-development partner supported programme, running from 2004 to 2009. The overall aim of CDMP is to take a multi-hazard approach to disasters and to generate a paradigm shift in disaster management, away from relief and rehabilitation towards a more holistic approach to reducing risks and vulnerabilities. Significantly, CDMP was also designed to institutionalise the adoption of DRR approaches, not only in the host ministry (Ministry of Food and Disaster Management), but more broadly across mainstream sector ministries. Lastly, CDMP was conceived and has been developed, as a multi-development partner framework in an attempt to harmonise development assitance across the field of disaster risk reduction.

The objective of the project was to contribute to a better understanding of the Lake Balaton ecological and socio/economic system's vulnerability and resilience arising from multiple forces of global and local change, including land use, demographic, economic and climate change and build capacity for more effective policy making and adaptation measures in response. The project strategy included five outcomes: Strengthened ecological and socio/economic resilience by increased understanding of lake and watershed processes viewed through the lens of vulnerability and adaptation; Strengthened capacity for formulating and implementing adaptive strategies compatible with sustainable development; Strengthened the policy framework conducive to adaptive management with particular interest to institutional mechanisms and economic incentives and disincentives; Facilitated adaptation to the impacts of climate change through direct action in the form of pilot initiatives funded through LBDC's existing small grants facility and innovative financing mechanisms; and, Enhanced public and policymaker awareness of integrated vulnerability and adaptation approaches locally, nationally and internationally, including contribution to the GEF's project on the Adaptation Learning Mechanisms.

The project was developed to strengthen the capacity of the Syrian Arab Republic to implement and sustain long-term energy efficiency efforts that will have positive impacts on both global and local environments. The project was expected to contribute to the development objective through the creation of a multi-purpose Syrian Energy Services Centre (SECS) and a National Energy Efficiency Program (NEEP) and by improving supply-side efficiency through the demostration of Efficiency Management Systems and Maintenance Management Systems (EMS/MMS) at the Banias Power Plant. The initial project design proposed 29 project outputs under the five project objectives, which were slightly redesigned after the mid term evaluation following the evaluation recommendarions.

Maldives has no conventional energy resources (e.g., oil and gas) that it can utilize to meet its energy needs. Basically, the country utilizes imported petroleum fuels to meet all of its energy needs. Some renewable energy (RE) resources are recognized as potential alternatives, being indigenously available, having minimal environmental impacts and contributing to the balanced provision of services to dispersed island communities. Currently, renewable energy technology applications are limited to some application of solar photovoltaics in navigation lights and outer island telecommunication systems and the modest use of solar water heaters in Male' and in resorts.

En 2001, sólo el 47% de la población de Nicaragua tenía acceso a la electricidad. Los programas de electrificación desarrollados por el Gobierno de Nicaragua con recursos del Fondo para el Desarrollo de la Industria Eléctrica Nacional (FODIEN), el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el Banco Mundial y el Fondo de Contravalor Suizo para la Electrificación Rural (COSUDE), han aumentado el acceso a un 55% (el 68% seg

The project is designed to overcome the barriers that impede the implementation and financing of coal mine methane (CMM) recovery and use projects in Russia; and by doing so, contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. The project intends to do this by strengthening the institutional and financial framework for the promotion of CMM projects as well as facilitating the implementation of selected CMM use demonstration projects so as to promote the replication of the technology and methodologies throughout the Kuzbass and Russia.

Wood biomass is the most abundant renewable energy resource in Slovenia, and the construction of biomass-based district heating (BDH) systems is a potential means of achieving greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. This GEF project was designed to remove barriers to the increased use of biomass as an energy source, thereby reducing the fossil fuel consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The project seeks to support the development of an initial set of BDH projects by covering the learning costs, reducing investor risks and demonstrating the technical and financial feasibility of the projects to the local communities and residents.

L'objectif du projet est de contribuer au renforcement des capacités nationales (dans les domaines des IGCE et de la Cogénération) conformément aux priorités de la Tunisie en matière d'efficacité énergétique, afin de créer une dynamique nouvelle de ma

Steel re-rolling is one of the most important segments of the steel industry, as it constitutes an unavoidable link in the total supply chain of iron and steel. The secondary steel production constitutes approximately 57% of the total steel production in India. It mainly takes place in steel re-rolling mills (SRRM) that usually are family-run small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with 75% of units in the small scale. The SRRM sector is comprised of about 1, 200 (working) re-rolling mills. The SRRM sector grew with 6% annually during 1997-2002. With no major large steel plant additions planned in the near future, the share of secondary is expected to grow in the near future, also because the sector has some competitive edge due to flexibility in production for meeting low-tonnage requirements in various grades, shapes and sizes to serve niche markets.

The Rural Energy Development Programme (REDP) is a joint initiative of the Government of Nepal (GoN), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank (WB), operational in more than 300 remote rural communities in 25 hilly districts of Nepal. The programme provides support at community, district and central levels for the enhancement of rural livelihoods through promotion of rural energy systems, particularly community managed micro hydro systems, which serve as an entry point for social, economic and environmental development.

The Government of the Philippines has embarked on an energy independence and savings reform agenda, aiming at a 60% self-sufficiency level by 2010, of which a strong efficiency and conservation is a key program. As a policy direction, the Government promotes the judicious conservation and efficient utilization of energy resources through adoption of the cost-effective options taking into consideration minimizing environmental impact. The use of energy efficient lighting (EEL) is one of the programs by the government and the private sector in promoting energy efficiency. EEL lamps, such as compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs, replacing incandescent bulbs) or slim linear fluorescent lamps (T8 LFLs, replacing T12 LFLs), low-loss ballasts, better luminaires and high-intensity discharge lamps systems are easy to install and retrofit in commercial, industrial, government and residential buildings.

The project aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from heat and hot water supply services in Armenian cities and to lay the foundation for the sustainable development of these supplies by overcoming market barriers. The project consists of four components addressing: the role of condominiums in collectively organizing and managing heat and hot water supply services at the building level, support to restructuring and capacity building of the existing district companies to improve both their service quality and operational efficiency, support new service providers to commercially run and market their businesses, and to structure financing for the required investments in areas that do not sustain the centralized district heating services, and use the results, experiences and lessons learned.

The project endeavors to introduce a new renewable energy mode new to Eritrea in launching pilot investments in both larger scale electricity generation into the national grids and in testing wind energy complementing diesel power or providing the sole electricity source in rural village communities, which do not have access to the two main grids. It also aims at transferring the wind energy technological and operating know-how to Eritrean institutions and players on the market, both at the central, regional and community levels through capacity building activities. The project is to test through the pilot investments the technical, economic, environmental, social and institutional viability of these applications and to provide credible cases for their replication in Eritrea, and managing them down the line by local institutions and resources.

The evaluation findings indicate that progress towards the E&E outcome is at an intermediate stage, with the potential for high levels of achievement by the end of the programming cycle. UNDP Jamaica has developed a cohesive E&E portfolio that is supportive of national policy goals and contributes to the programme outputs of strengthened policy implementation capacities, improved land management in targeted communities, and increased energy efficiency in the public sector. This reflects strategic thinking and an effective implementation approach that makes good use of limited funds by targeting core environment and energy issues.

the Government of Malaysia initiated the Malaysian Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (MIEEIP) in 1999 to improve the rational use of energy in the industrial sector. Support and funding has been provided by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as well as the Government of Malaysia and the private sector. UNDP is the project's implementing agency on behalf of the GEF. The Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (MEWC), formerly known as Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia, during the initial implementation of the project) was appointed the project's executing agency, whereas Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) is the designated implementing agency.

The project was established to reduce the environmental problems at the Ruseifah landfill site near Amman. A 1-MW biogas power plant was installed using the landfill gas (methane) as a resource for electricity generation. The landfill gas (with a high concentration methane) was extracted from 12 wells at the landfill site; further, a 2000 m3 biodigester was erected to produce methane directly from industrial organic waste. The plant is operated by the Jordan Biogas Company (JBC), a joint venture of the national electricity company NEPCO (now CEGCO), and the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM).

The environment problem in the Philippines is huge and has enormously grown for the last 40 years and ENR agencies and institutions are unable to cope. UNDP has provided technical and financial support to policy, program and capacity development in three sectors, namely environment, energy and disaster management. The evaluation involved a desk review of documents, field visits and interviews of key informants in selected project sites. The practical concern of the EESD portfolio is to evolve frameworks and strategies for sustainable development; effective water governance; c) access to sustainable energy resources and conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

The project is aimed at reducing the long-term growth of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through removing the barriers to commercial utilization of renewable energy (RE) power systems to substitute for use of diesel generators in Palawan. As part of the project interventions, the project originally intends to demonstrate the viability of the RESCO (Rural Energy Service Company) delivery mechanism of renewable energy systems, and economic activities of productive use of renewable energy services for rural communities. The RESCO approach was however changed to Direct Sales approach because of the unsuccessful RESCO project in Aklan Province, which this project intends to replicate. That failed RESCO project was implemented by Shell Solar Philippines Corporation (SSPC, formerly Shell Renewables Philippines, Inc.), which is also the private company partner of this Project.

The phenomenal economic growth and the world's largest national population of China and its extensive dependence on coal and petroleum have led to many critical and massive environmental effects. Due to its CO2 intensive energy production due to coal, China will become the world's biggest CO2 emitter before 2010, thus overtaking the U.S.A. for that matter. The different projects in renewable energy (RE), energy efficiency (EE) and clean development mechanisms (CDM) have been helping China expand its industrial and commercial infrastructures to include clean and sustainable renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and comply with global climate change commitments.

The state sector in Belarus accounts for over 68% of the country's total energy and fuel consumption. As such, the need to reduce the state sector's energy and fuel consumption serves as the main driver for this Project. The goal is to reduce GHG emissions through the removal of key barriers to the adoption of energy efficient (EE) improvements in the state sector. To achieve this goal, the Project was designed with a number of expected project outcomes: Increased incentives for state organizations to invest in EE; Financial resources available to the state sector for energy efficiency investment are used more efficiently.Project successes throughout Belarus are sustained and replicated.

Over the past few years, India's economic performance has been impressive, with a growth rate of 8% in 2005-2006. The boom is, however, placing increasing demands on natural and energy resources, with potentially serious consequences for the environment. In general, it is the poor that are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation and lack of access to clean, affordable energy services. So far environmental performance has been mixed: Successes such as the reversal of deforestation rates have been accompanied by setbacks such as increased fuel wood use and ground water depletion and accelerating river pollution.

The main purpose of this evaluation was to assess UNDP's positioning and contributions to managing environment and energy for sustainable development. The scope of the evaluation covered all programmatic and operational aspects of the environment and energy area in all UNDP's geographic regions and at the global, regional and country levels. The evaluation primarily focused on the period from 2002 to 2007. However, the evaluation also considered how events before this period shaped UNDP's approach to environment and energy. Building upon an independent and objective analysis of the past, the evaluation has provided perspectives towards how UNDP is positioned to move forwards in its environment and energy work.

The project originally aimed to reduce barriers to the creation of a biomass market in Poland. In the time since the original concept was proposed and the project started it appears that a biomass market has to some extent developed. While this certainly reduces the relevance of the overall project purpose, a more detailed analysis of the (potential) contributions of the project at local, national and global levels shows that the project remains highly relevant to local and national development priorities. There is also growing interest to harness the strengths and financial resources of the private sector in the delivery of public services through the use of public-private partnerships. This is one of the main contributions of the project and is highly relevant to national circumstances.

The Kyoto Protocol provides countries of Eastern European and the Commonwealth of Independent States (EE & CIS) with new opportunities for reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, moving their development towards a low?carbon path, mobilizing resources for environmentally friendly technologies and achieving other sustainable development objectives. However, in order to realize the opportunities provided by the innovative mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, the countries need to develop strong national institutional, technical and human capacities to being able to effectively identify, develop, evaluate, approve and implement projects under JI/CDM and other carbon market schemes, such as under the voluntary carbon market.

This mid-term review is coinciding with the reviews of the FNDP and the UNDAF. It is being undertaken with a view to providing an independent in-depth review of implementation progress, transparency and accountability and for documentation of lessons learnt. Further the review is intended to provide an analysis of how UNDP has positioned itself to add value in the response to the UNDAF and the FNDP and hence identify potential design problems, assess progress towards the achievement of objectives and to make recommendations regarding specific actions that might be taken to improve the programme delivery of results.

This project aims to remove barriers to renewable energy use in the Caribbean. Through specific actions to overcome policy, finance, capacity, and awareness barriers, it is estimated that the contribution of renewable energy sources to the region's energy balance will be significantly increased. Currently, renewable energy provides less than 2% of the region's commercial electricity. Due to the planned barrier removal activities, annual reductions of CO2 emissions is expected to be reduced by an estimated 388, 159 tons by the year 2007. Part of the GEF funding will be used through non-grant instruments to remove incremental risks related to RE investments, thus improving the cost-effectiveness of the GEF resource use.

El objetivo global del proyecto es remover/ reducir las barreras al (aumento del) uso comercial de equipos y prácticas de eficiencia energética en los sectores comercial e industrial, reduciendo así las emisiones de GEI debidas a las actividades de generación de electricidad y calor. Los objetivos específicos del proyecto son: Remover todas las barreras existentes para proyectos piloto de eficiencia energética exitosos en los sectores comercial e industrial. Esto incluye también la remoción de las barreras financieras existentes para las inversiones en equipo y prácticas de eficiencia energética; y apoyar en la remoción/reducción de las barreras técnicas, legislativas, institucionales / organizacionales, económicas, de información y financierasrelacionadas con la replicación de los proyectos piloto.

The need for environmental impact assessment (EIA) is stipulated by Brazilian environmental legislation. The purpose of the GCC/EIA Training Project was to help strengthen ineffective institutions by supporting the EIA process and related capacities of state and federal institutions, and by training individuals in key areas including federal and state governments, universities and non-governmental organizations. EPA activities focused on the delivery of training courses, on the development of guidelines for EIAs related to economic activities associated with forest clearing and mining and on technical assistance to conduct a pilot EIA.

Urban air pollution is a major environmental problem in Egypt. Among the world's largest cities with over 16 million people, Cairo belongs to the 20 most polluted cities in the world. With respect to public transportation in Cairo, more than 3.6 million commuters ride the some 13, 000 buses daily. A plan for reducing the pollution levels in Egypt and effective abatement of greenhouse gases globally must therefore address transportation. The basic concept was to have a multi-phase programme with an initial phase 1, in which 24 electric buses would be tested, mainly in the touristy historic sites, such as Giza, Luxor and Sakara. Electric and hybrid-drive systems of the buses would be integrated into Egyptian buses produced by local manufacturers.

The Woods Hole Research Center has received an allocation of US$1,322,581 in order to develop natural resource management tools for an emerging network of forestmargin farm communities and to expand and strengthen a network of Amazonia-based scientists trained in ecology and interested in intervening in public affairs. The activities have been carried out primarily in the states of Pará and Acre through research-based workshops, courses and publications, through formal university training and through participation in current regional debates regarding the utilization of Amazonian natural resources. The activities include agricultural intensification and land-use planning along the Capim River, predicting forest fire risk, preventing accidental forest fires, steps toward a functioning extractive reserve, a resource inventory of the Rio Gelado Settlement Project, improving the planning of industrial mining in Pará and training in forest utilization, forest recovery and biotic impoverishment.

The BDFFP, managed by the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution, has been under way for 15 years with the purpose of studying the effect of the size of forest fragments on biological diversity. The project is housed at the National Institute for Amazon Studies (INPA) and has field sites north of Manaus. Under the GCC Program, support has been provided primarily for training in monthlong field biology courses on forest ecology and conservation. Some support was for graduate student research. There has also been considerable effort to take stock of and disseminate the results of research over the years.

This assessment seeks to identify opportunities for the USAID/Mexico Mission to address high?priority clean energy and climate change challenges in Mexico and provide the Mission with recommendations for the design of a new Mission clean energy and climate change program. Under President Calderon, Mexico has made climate change a top national priority and has integrated climate change into the country's development strategy. In addition to having signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, Mexico is the only developing country to submit a Third and Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC with a detailed updated inventory of its GHG emissions and long term emissions trajectories.

The evaluation is expected to address both general and country specific issues. General issues deal with the relevance and approach of Netherlands Climate Assistance Programme (NCAP) with respect to both Directorate General of International Cooperation of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs and participating countries; implementation issues in terms of the organization of NCAP, the effective use of available resources and timing of activities; and the sustainability of the results. Country specific issues will be primarily based on the three countries visited that reflect different levels of progress: Tanzania as an example of what NCAP has attempted to achieve; Ghana as a country that has moved at average pace; and Suriname as a country that had faced serious delays. Progress in each of these countries will be assessed in terms of project performance indicators that have been designed by the project itself, grouped under the headings: project management; quality of the study; in-country coordination; and policy influence.

The aims are to investigate and advise on the long-term sustainability of the Strategic Review of the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project network and its provision of data from the South Pacific region to PICs and international stakeholders; the need for infrastructure upgrades of the SEAFRAME and CGPS components; a structure and process for improved alignment with other regional climate monitoring activities in the Pacific region; options for ensuring the long-term provision of utilities (communications and power) to the sites in the network; options for the future funding and management of project activities; and to assess and advise on end-user needs and a possible restructuring and optimisation of the network.

The Rangjung Small Hydro Plant located in the District of Trashigang (East Bhutan) is a project of the early rural electrification strategy of the RGOB. This strategy foresaw the electrification of the remote districts through decentralised small and mini hydropower plants and associated mini grids. The objective of the Rangjung SHP project was to stimulate economic and social development of remote Eastern Bhutan through electrification. This concept was in line with the general objectives of the Austrian Development Co-operation in Bhutan and the request for assistance in developing the Rangjung Small hydro Plant was therefore granted.

One of the most important causes of Mali's serious environmental problems has been over-exploitation and indiscriminate destruction of its forest resources. As in most Sahelian countries, fuelwood and charcoal meet 90 percent of the domestic energy needs of the country. The overarching objective of the Household Energy Project was to improve the management, and promote rational use, of energy resources. GEF involvement was to help support the environmental policy objectives of the Government of Mali with particular emphasis on the reduction of CO2 emissions and abatement of forest resource depletion.

The Bangladesh Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (CERP) was initiated in response to the devastating cyclone of 1987, and approved in 1995. The project closed in 2003. The overall project objective was to improve security of life, property, crops, and livestock along the cyclone-prone coastal areas. Project objectives were to provide cyclone protection, including improving the security of persons living in the protected areas, reducing damage to houses and other buildings and infrastructure, and minimizing the loss of crops and livestock; improve agricultural production, through preventing saline inundation during normal weather and improved cropping pattems due to reduced cyclone risks; and introduce improved technology in the design and construction of protection works, and improved methods of embankment maintenance.

Climate change threatens to derail development, even as development pumps ever-greater quantities of carbon dioxide into an atmosphere already polluted with two centuries of Western emissions. The World Bank, with a newly-articulated Strategic Framework on Development and Climate Change, must confront these entangled threats in helping its clients to carve out a sustainable growth path. This report examines two that have long been discussed but are more relevant than ever in light of record energy prices: removal of energy subsidies and promotion of end- user energy efficiency. Energy subsidies are expensive, damage the climate, and disproportionately benefit the well- off. Their reduction can encourage energy efficiency, increase the attractiveness of renewable energy, and allow more resources to flow to poor people and to investments in cleaner power. Though subsidy reduction is never easy, the Bank has a record of accomplishment in this area, especially in the transition countries

In November 2006 the World Bank, the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) held a conference in Paris to discuss recent disaster operations of multilateral and bilateral development aid institutions and NGOs, highlighting aspects that would facilitate institutional change and improve practices. The conference and roundtable discussion was the first time ever that evaluators joined togetherto discuss the evaluation of natural disaster risk management. In addition, disaster risk managers from different organizations who were on the receiving end of the evaluations were also invited to participate. Their feedback and analysis of how the evaluations had changed their institutions was an important contribution to the conference.

The development and global environment objectives of this project were to improve the efficiency of energy use in the People's Republic of China and facilitate reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and other pollutants through energy efficiency investments.  The project had three components:

1. to develop three pilot Energy Management Companies (EMCs) to introduce, demonstrate, and disseminate the Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) concept "namely developing market-based instruments to encourage private participation in energy conservation investment".
2. to develop a national energy conservation information center to disseminate energy conservation project results to enterprise managers; and
3. a project management and monitoring component.  The evaluation report rated the project as satisfactory overall. 

The risk to development outcome is rated negligible to low, while both the Bank's and the Borrower's performance were rated satisfactory.  Lessons learned from the assessment included: EPCs require quick implementation and closure, so it is important for the Bank's procurement procedures to be flexible; and although EPCs are meant to be a market solution for energy efficiency, in a transitional economy like China, strong government support is crucial for the market to deliver successful results.

The project objectives were to assist the sector in: promoting the efficient use of electricity through realistic pricing policies, energy conservation and improvement of sector operations; diversifying the sources of power generation and reducing the participation of oilbased generation; strengthening CFE's financial situation by increasing electricity rates and implementing a Financial Rehabilitation Agreement; making electricity available to an increasing number of consumers; and improving CFE's ability to deal with the social and environmental aspects of hydroelectric power projects

The Ertan Hydroelectric Scheme is located on the lower reaches of the Yalong River in the southwestern province of Sichuan. Shortages of electricity in the province were, when the project was identified, and still are a major constraint to its economic development and to the improvement of the population's living standards. The objectives of the Project were to: provide additional generation capacity in Sichuan Province to alleviate the acute shortage of electricity; assist in the transfer of modern power technology and efficient dam construction method; contribute to further improvements in the analyses of environmental and ecological impacts of hydroelectric resource development; enhance the institutional development of the beneficiary, Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation (EHDC), by strengthening its organization through a comprehensive management training program and introduction of economic efficiency and sound pricing principles; and provide technical assistance in project design and implementation, and for the promotion of the optimal operation of the power system, prudent financial management, and manpower development.

Development objectives are to improve the supply of power, water and sanitation systems; to increase operational and end-use efficiency in the power and water sectors: to lessen the barriers to the development of renewable energy resources; and foster sound management of water resources. Specific objectives are: privatization of Electra; increased private participation in and financial autonomy of water operations; expansion and rehabilitation of power, water and sanitation systems in major urban centers; development of wind power capacity with private financing; promotion of solar photovoltaic and wind energy systems for decentralized use; development of a regulatory and legal framework in the power and water sectors; capacity strengthening for regulation, and promotion of energy efficiency.

The objectives of the three-tranche Western Java Environmental Management Program are to strengthen institutionally and economically the local, provincial and regional institutions responsible for waste management and environmental control; to develop local environmental strategies and plans within the national strategy; to increase community awareness and participation in environmental management both at the local government and community levels; to improve waste collection and disposal as well as support activities directed at waste reduction, reuse and recycling; to improve the environmental conditions of a number of specific, high priority localities; and to assist in developing a commercial level composting industry through a grant from the GEF.

In 2002, about 38 percent of Central America's total land area was used as permanent pasture, and this area had expanded over the previous decade in the three project countries (Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua) at a rate of between four and nine percent, mostly at the expense of tropical forest. Thus, ranching-induced deforestation was one of the main causes of loss of some unique plant and animal species in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. Despite significant efforts to reduce destruction of tropical forests and protect the natural habitats and wildlife populations in Latin America, the beginning of the new century did not look more promising for the preservation of tropical rainforest and biodiversity than the preceding years. Over the previous decade, natural forest areas in the three countries had been reduced between 6 and 25 percent.

The Ministry of Railways has been facing mounting competition from the expanding highway system. It faced the dual challenges of increasing capacity as well as increasing service quality while maintaining profitability. This project was designed to improve the transport connectivity of southwestern China to the east, enhance capacity and improve service quality by upgrading an important rail line linking Shanghai and Zhejiang with Jiangxi and Hunan (and from there to Guizhou and Yunnan) provinces, thereby helping to address the needs of poorer and disadvantaged regions. In addition, the conversion of this line from diesel to electric traction (which is partly generated from hydropower sources) will yield environmental benefits.

The overall objective of the Russian Federation Municipal Heating Project is to alleviate the financial burden on municipal governments associated with the supply of district heating to the local population.  The project aimed to achieve this by improving the operating efficiency of district heating systems through investments to save energy and reduce heat losses; promoting sound cost recovery policies and commercial practices; and supporting government efforts to improve the cost-effectiveness of subsidy programs through better targeting and delivery of subsidies to low-income households.

The evaluation reported satisfactory outcomes with a moderate risk to development and moderately satisfactory performances by both the Bank and borrower.  Lessons learned included the following: Continuity of the team working on the project is very important, and strong local leadership and expertise is essential for the regional development programs.   Furthermore, project design needs to be realistic and not overly complex, and Sub Loan Agreements need to be finalized before the project is presented to the Board.

By the second half of the 1990s, India's reforms in the areas of investment, trade, and finance, initiated in response to the 1991 crisis, had helped stimulate the economy. During the period 1994- 1997, the country experienced high average rates of economic growth of 7 percent. The 1997 Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) document proposed Bank group assistance in reducing infrastructure bottlenecks and promoting private sector participation across sectors. The India Compact also called for the Bank to assist the Government to implement priorities identified in its National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP 1993), including development of the Alternative Energy Plan. At the time of project design, India's power industry was characterized by inadequate and inefficient power supply with peak capacity and energy supply shortages exceeding 20 percent and 10 percent, respectively. On the demand-side, inefficient pricing and a variety of market and non-market barriers contributed to the overall inefficient use of electricity and thermal energy, exacerbating the energy shortage and leaving a large unfulfilled market for financing investments in projects that could cost-effectively reduce energy costs in industrial units.

The Kiev District Heating Improvement Project was designed to:

replace and increase heat production capacity to better meet existing and expected future demand, and to improve the reliability and service levels in the Kiev District Heating (DH) system; and

to extend the life of, increase the efficiency of, and enhance conservation of the Kiev DH system through rehabilitation and introduction of modern technologies and materials.  It was also intended to

strengthen and promote the privatization of DH companies.

This evaluation rates the project's outcomes as moderately unsatisfactory and the risk to development outcome substantial.  The report found the Bank's performance was satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was moderately satisfactory.  Lessons learned were related to a number of issues including the importance of using advisors on a regular basis to update technical know-how, training key staff at the very beginning of the project, considering alternative means of reducing the impact of price hikes on the poor, and looking at alternatives to flat rate tariff reductions.

This China Energy Conservation Project was designed to support the introduction of a market-based approach to financing energy conservation investments and energy performing contracting, in order to try and overcome some of the major impediments to energy conservation in China.  The project was also designed to support a new energy information program, providing consumers with information on financially attractive energy conservation investments.  The project had three components:

1. Energy management company demonstration;
2. Information and dissemination; and
3. Program management and monitoring. 

This evaluation report rated project outcomes as satisfactory overall.  Furthermore, global environment objectives (GEO) were satisfactory, the risk to development outcome was low or negligible and for GEO was low or negligible, the Bank performance was satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was satisfactory.  Some lessons learned include: consistent central government support was critical for the success of the project; government support provided necessary legitimacy to the emerging new businesses; and that provincial government support was also important.  Finally, the report finds that flexibility and adaptability were crucial in the design of the project since it introduced new concepts and practices.

The objective of the Project was to improve management of solid waste through measures which would improve environmental quality, contain contamination of ground water and create new financial arrangements for recovery of the cost of solid waste services. The project objective was clear and realistic. It was in line with both national priorities and the Country Assistance Strategy of 1994, and was based on extensive field visits jointly conducted by Latvian and World Bank specialists.

The project development objectives were to increase the efficiency and sustainability of Ethiopia's power sector, and to increase electricity use for economic growth and improved quality of life; and to improve utilization efficiency of rural renewable energy. Progress on these objectives was measured by Ethiopia achieving by the end of 2002: total system failures of no more than 3 per year; capacity to connect 250, 000 new customers to the grid as the distribution network is rehabilitated and expanded (under a separate project); 100% of new industrial applicants for power connections will be satisfied; and (iv) to inventory biomass stock in Northern regions.

The Development Objectives of the project were to assist the Government of Pakistan (GOP) in its efforts to develop domestic energy resources and reduce load-shedding in a cost effective and environmentally sustainable manner, thereby supporting the country's long-term energy development objectives; reinforce and complement the reform program for the power sector; strengthen WAPDA's capability to address environmental and resettlement issues related to hydropower projects; and further rationalize the use of electricity.

This report evaluates the Gas Distribution Rehabilitation and Energy Efficiency Project, financed by a loan worth US$106.5 million from the World Bank, which aimed to increase the efficiency of energy use in slected regions of Russia, to improve the efficiency and safety of gas distribution, and support policy reforms in the gas subsector.

The project had three components:

1. gas distribution network improvements;
2. energy efficiency investments; and
3. technical assistance.

An initial program aimed at greenhouse gas reduction, and financed under the Global Environment Facility, is also linked to the project

The Project was rated as having an unsatisfactory outcome in terms of sustainability, modest institutional development impact, satisfactory performance by the Bank, and an unsatisfactory performance by the Borrower. An increase in the efficiency of energy use was largely achieved.

Some lessons learned include:

1. Local leadership and expertise, and availability of counterpart funding, are essential for success;
2. The Borrower should establish and maintain arrangements to ensure interagency coordination and single-point responsibility for project deliverables;
3. When appraising regional sub-projects, pay special attention to assessing the creditworthiness of sub-borrowers.

This evaluation assesses the overall achievements of the District Heating Rehabilitation Project in Estonia, supported by a US$38.4 million loan from the World Bank. The projec's objectives were to: reduce fuel costs and import requirements; bring about energy efficiency and economy in major district heating (DH) systems; improve environmental conditions in affected areas; and support the strengthening and restructuring of DH institutions and development of the energy sector.

In terms of implementation, the project included support for:

1. conversion and replacement of small boilers to use local fuels;
2. rehabilitation of DH systems in Tallinn, Tartu and Parnu;
3. improvement of Iru (CHP, Tallinn) Power Plant; and
4. institutional support program for project agencies to support project management and implementation, for restructuring energy agencies and for further development of the energy sector.

According to this report, the projects' overall performance was judged satisfactory; it showed a strong level of ownership by the Borrower and project beneficiaries.

Lessons learned included:

1. The demand forecasts of the project were overly-optimistic.
2. Appropriate tariff policies play an important role in maintaining DH consumers and thus the viability of DH systems.
3. It is highly important to properly assess risks associated with the potential for competition from gas, or other alternatives to DH.

The objectives of the Project are to improve the efficiency and overall performance of the energy sector; assist the Borrower in meeting the rapidly increasing demand for electricity power in Cebu province, by expanding the geothermal power generation capacity and reinforcing its related power transmission system; strengthen the Borrower's financial viability and institutional capabilities to enable it to undertake its long-term investment program and promote private sector participation in geothermal power generation projects in the Philippines.

Yacyreta hydroelectric scheme is a joint venture between Argentina and Paraguay on the Parand River started in 1973, and implemented by an autonomous agency, Entidad Binacional Yacyreta (EBY) under the Yacyreta Treaty. Yacyreta is a complex, multi billion investment endeavor, consisting of a large earth dam, a power house with an ultimate capacity of 3, 100 MW, and a program of infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and environmental impact mitigation.

This report evaluated the Thailand Promotion of Electricity Energy Efficiency (TPEEE) Project, which was co-financed by the GEF (US$9 million). The project was national in scope and consisted of a five-year demand-side management (DSM) plan. It was implemented by the Demand-Side Management Office (DSMO) of the state-owned public electricity utility, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT).

Lessons learned include:

1. Consumer awareness, consumer and investor knowledge and confidence in energy efficiency products is a key objective for an effective DSM program;
2. Capacity building it is helpful to begin with programs that do not require extensive cooperation with other agencies;
3. Program design, a program should be designed in a way that allows "early wins" that then lead to expanded programs.
4. Commercial markets, ESCO (Energy Services Company) models must be developed to suit the local or national business culture
5. Sustainability, voluntary programs are useful as a necessary step toward the development of minimum standards. This is relevant to both low and high incremental cost products. To sustain energy efficiency achievements, however, mandatory standards may be required.
6. Also, with internal planning, it is important to have an external, third-party monitor and an evaluation process/ agency involved on a regular basis. This leads to credible data and confidence in the reported results of the programs.

The principal objective of the Project was to assist the Czech Republic in the costeffective phaseout of ODS production and consumption by 1996, as mandated by the Montreal Protocol. Specific objectives included the progressive phase-out of chloroflurocarbon (CFC) production in the Czech Republic; the establishment of a Czech network for refrigerant recovery, reclamation and recycling (3R); and supporting applied engineering efforts to use ODS substitutes in manufactured goods, thereby reducing immediate and future needs for regulated substances.

Development of sustainable markets for wind and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, in order to increase supply of electricity in an environmentally sustainable way and improve access of isolated rural populations to electricity services. The project's global objectives are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by producing electricity from renewable energy, reduce costs of renewable energy to permit longterm financial sustainability, and remove barriers to the large-scale commercialization of the technologies.

The projecfs main objective was to assist Belarus with the rapid phaseout of ODS consumption in a manner consistent with international efforts and within internationally agreed timeframes. The project was designed to help provide assistance to high consumption enterprises in Belarus to enable them to make the transition to non-ODS materials before supplies diminish. The project would also provide needed technical assistance and institutional strengthening to an Ozone Office established on July 1, 1996 in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection (MNREP).

The overall original objective of the Russian Federation Ozone Depleting Substance Consumption Phase Out Project (the Project) was to assist Russia in the phase-out of ODS consumption, in a manner consistent with international efforts in the field, while ensuring that this is accomplished with the minimum of economic dislocation.

The principal objective of the Project was to assist Slovenia in the cost-effective phaseout of ODS consumption as mandated by the Montreal Protocol (the Protocol) and its amendments and adjustments. Specific objectives included, the progressive phaseout of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) consumption in Slovenia through adoption of new cost-effective CFC-free technologies; and institutional strengthening to improve the capability of the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MEPP) in managing and overseeing ODS phaseout activities.

The project has promoted the design, construction and operation of the first ever methane gas power plant in Mexico, and Latin America, that incorporates local and global environmental concerns in its scope and operation. The project is currently powering city lights at night and the Metro system during the day in Monterrey, all of this is being done with landfill gas that would otherwise have been leaked into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gas accumulation.

This evaluation is of a GEF project designed to enable companies in the industrial sector and other energy consumers to adopt and utilize energy efficient technologies, and help put the Romanian economy onto a sustainable path of lower energy intensity and green house gas emissions. The Global Environment Objective (GEO) of the project was to improve the knowledge and the availability of mechanisms necessary for financiers and energy consumers to fund viable energy efficiency projects by removing barriers and lowering transaction costs.

The project consisted of two components:

1. Investment Financing worth US$8 million, and
2. technical Assistance worth US$2 million, covering capacity building, fund management, and administration.

The railway forms a key link between the landlocked countries of Central Asia and the West. Freight traffic, however, substantially declined after the break-up of the former Soviet Union and a number of regional military conflicts. Lack of funds in the 1990s, combined with destruction and theft during local hostilities, saw a serious deterioration in the rail tracks and other railway assets. This resulted in low train operating speed and capacity restraints.

This report looks at a technical cooperation (TC) operation attached to a multi-sector project operation for the city of Bucharest. The TC was carried out by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

The TC was made up of two main components:

1. public transport, and
2. district heating. However, this report focuses on the heating component since that was the larger of the two projects.

The TC involved supporting the preparation and implementation of a development strategy for the existing heating provider in the city. TC components included carrying out an assessment of the credit worthiness of the city of Bucharest, prepare an investment plan and conduct baseline studies, initiate a credit enhancement program, and establish a project implementation unit to monitor and evaluate the use of the Bank's funds.  Overall the project was rated party successful.

To help reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) from ground transport in Santiago through the promotion of a long-term modal shift to more efficient and less polluting forms of transport, and the adoption of sustainable low-GHG transport measures. To that end, the project will support the implementation of the 2000-2010 Urban Transport Plan for Santiago (TRANSANTIAGO, formerly known as PTUS), a comprehensive multi-sector plan, which is consistent with the overall objectives of the GEF operational program on sustainable transport.

Since it was established in 1968, the CEB (Communaute Electrique du Benin) and inter-state organization, has had as its main objective the development of the MONO river hydroelectric potencial. The engineering and economic studies led to the choice of NANGBETO for the construction of the first dam. The purpose of Nangbeto dam with a capacity of 60 MW and a potencial of 148 GWh/year is to satisfy the medium-term power requirements of the Republics of benin and Todo.

Les programmes d'efficacité énergétique font l'objet de critiques récurrentes quant á l'absence de mesures et d'estimations exactes des économies d'énergie et des émissions de gaz á effet de serre (GES) résultant du programme engagé. Il est vrai que l'évaluation d'un programme énergétique n'est pas une science exacte, puisqu'elle s'appuie sur des estimations de croissance énergétique en l'absence du programme. Toutefois, les techniques d'évaluation ont évolué et abouti á un bon compromis entre des mesures précises et un coût acceptable.

The energy management sector comprises energy efficiency (EE) projects and the development of renewable energy sources (RES) in various economic sectors. For the last ten years, AFD has been supporting projects that address two of AFD Group's main priorities: combating climate change and energy efficiency. Climate change is also a major operational focus of the French Global Environment Facility (French GEF), which consists of a steering committee2; a scientific and technical committee3 and a secretariat located at AFD headquarters.

Les projets de développement d'ER restent plus nombreux que les projets visant á l'EE, ces derniers étant en outre plus particulièrement financés par le FFEM. Celui-ci a ainsi financé depuis 1994 des projets d'EE dans la construction, les transports, l'industrie ainsi que des projets de développement des ER : électrification rurale photovoltaïque et filière bois-énergie. Après avoir soutenu de nombreux projets d'électrification rurale décentralisée (ERD), le portefeuille de projets de l'AFD s'est diversifié vers des secteurs nouveaux (biocarburants, cogénération). En dehors d'une participation dans un fonds d'investissement en Asie, le portefeuille de Proparco concentre des projets de production d'ER, á partir de l'énergie éolienne essentiellement mais également de l'hydroélectricité et de la combustion de biogaz.

This project was designed to promote sustainable improvements in energy efficiency in China's industrial sector and create substantial environmental benefits. The project aimed to do this by supporting legislative and institutional reforms in energy conservation and market-based economics, while providing catalytic investments to fund efficiency and environmental improvements.  The project focused on five enterprises across three major energy-intensive industry groups: i) cement, ii) chemical, and iii) metallurgy. Geographically, the project worked across three provinces and one municipality. One enterprise was dropped from the project due to financing problems.  In terms of results, all four remaining subprojects were completed ahead of schedule and the project achieved its main objectives and was rated 'successful'.

In December 1994, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved the Industrial Energy Efficiency Project (IEEP) to promote energy efficiency in Indian industry, consistent with ongoing market-oriented reforms in the country.The Project was intended to support financially viable investments leading to energy efficiency, by firms in the energy intensive industry sector. The Project was intended to support financially viable investments leading to energy efficiency, by firms in the energy intensive industry sector. The IEEP loan of $150 million to Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was onlent to a number of subprojects promoted by IDBI's clients. The loan was fully utilized within the envisaged closing date and was closed on 27 September 2000.

The Ulaanbaatar Heat Efficiency Project was developed to address numerous deficiencies and shortcomings in the heat supply as identified in the late 1990s. The district heating system (DHS) suffered from insufficient heat supply in many areas, hydraulic imbalance, huge water losses, as well as lack of automatic controls and energy meters. The Ulaanbaatar DHS was initially constructed in 1959. It was based on supply of hot water produced at three combined heat and power plants (CHPs): Thermal Energy Station (TES) 2, TES 3, and TES 4.

The Project covered the construction of the 19 megawatt (MW) Tanggari II hydropower scheme (HPS) in North Sulawesi; the construction of the 210 MW Musi HPS in the southern part of Sumatra; reinforcement of transmission networks in the southern part of Sumatra; installation of waste heat recovery equipment in selected diesel power stations outside Java; implementation of demand side management (DSM) pilot projects; and engineering design of the 340 MW Merangin HPS in the southern part of Sumatra.

In August 1998, ADB approved a loan for construction of the Guizhou Shuibai Railway Project. The loan was to finance a 121 kilometer (km) standard-gauge, single-track, electrified railway line from Liupanshui to Baiguo in the western part of Guizhou. Additional outputs of the Project included construction of service, access, and link roads; computerization of management information and financial accounting systems of the railway company; and institutional development. The construction of the railway line was a major engineering accomplishment. Given the challenging mountainous terrain, 50 tunnels and 102 bridges had to be constructed.

The Hefei-Xi'an Railway Project (the Project) was conceived as a key intervention to promote pro-poor growth and create the employment and income-generating activities needed to reduce poverty. The Government of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has sought to reduce the economic disparity between inland and coastal provinces, and the Project received a high priority in the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) and the Railways Development Plan (1998-2004).

The railroad is the primary mode of long distance and bulk freight transport and therefore essential for the country's international, subregional, and domestic economic development. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, there has been considerable underinvestment in the railway sector, resulting in major operational inefficiencies and underutilization of railway carrying capacity. The Railway Modernization Project (the Project) was to complete the rehabilitation of the main railway route and to continue implementation of the policy reforms and restructuring initiatives started under the first railway rehabilitation project.

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) was incorporated in March 1987, under the Companies Act, 1956, as a specialized financial institution, wholly owned by the Government, primarily for promoting, developing, and financing new and renewable sources of energy (NRSE) technologies. IREDA's main objectives are to operate a revolving fund for promotion, development, and commercialization of NRSE; assist in upgrading NRSE technologies and extend financial support to energy efficiency and energy conservation projects.

In 1994, the Japanese government extended a loan of 2, 935 million yen to Indonesia to fund an environmental monitoring improvement project that was designed to support environmental monitoring capacity development within BAPEDAL, Indonesia's Environmental Impact Management Agency, at the local level. In specific terms, the loan was used to fund the supply of equipment for monitoring environmental pollutants such as water, air and ambient noise, to 39 regional laboratories in 14 provinces owned by the ministries of health, industry and public works, as well as training in the operation of these equipment.

In 1988 the Mexican government adopted 100 Necessary Devices for the Environment as an action plan for countermeasures against atmospheric pollution in the Mexico City capital region, which had been worsening year by year. In 1989 the Integrated Plan Against Atmospheric Pollution in the Mexico City Capital Region, containing specific countermeasures, was adopted. The plan identified SO2 as one of the main atmospheric pollutants, and named power stations, factories and diesel-engine vehicles as the main sources of SO2 pollution. It called for a project to improve fuel oil (heavy oil, diesel) into low sulfur oil, and this loan project was implemented as a way of funding that SO2 reduction initiative.

This SO focused on global climate change, addressed through reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) in power generation facilities, industry, the transport sector, municipal services and end use efficiencies. By working in multiple, mutually reinforcing sectors, this SO was able to achieve substantial reductions in GHGs and create opportunities for sustainable development at the local level. In addition, catalytic processes were created and networks established to carry this work into the future.

During 2000-2004, URC implemented 39 projects worth US$ 29.2 million. Its research activities generated 181 published and 134 unpublished outputs, consisting of policy studies, planning tools, analytical techniques, information packages and data bases. In the same period, it organized 104 capacity building events involving 7,534 participants in 31 countries. Additionally, it assisted the development of national and sectoral plans, supported advisory facilities, and undertook an extensive institution-building exercise at the national levels to help developing count ries to operationalise the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol.

The evaluation begins by looking at Mauritius' early interest in environmental issues such as the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. It is also noted that Mauritius was the first country in the world to ratify the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in September 1992. the evaluation looks at the important sectors driving Mauritius' economy which include: textile manufacturing, agriculture and tourism. About half the country's land area is under agriculture (sugar cane).

An evaluation mission assessed the overall pe rformance of the United Nations Environment Programme Collaborating centre for Energy and Envi ronment (UCCEE) in Roskilde, Denmark, from 1995 to 1999 and made recommendations for improvements in the scope, organization and quality of the centre’s work programme and output. The mission was conducted by the author of this report during the last week of January 2001 in Paris, Roskilde and Copenhagen. This report reviews the activities of UCCEE from 1995 to 1999, discusses the accomplishments of the work programme and constraints encountered, and proposes specific actions for UCCEE to continue to carry out its activities with increased effectiveness.

Bangladesh is a developing country in south Asia with an area of 147, 570 square kilometres and a population of 123.1 million (2001 census). The physical environment of Bangladesh is diverse. There is a mix of both traditional and modern methods of land-use, all very closely adapted to the heterogeneous conditions. This complexity of environment and land-use patterns has important implications for the vulnerability and depletion of the natural resource base in the country. Floods are common in Bangladesh, where flood plains constitute about four fifths of the landmass. The adverse impacts of floods become particularly extensive and severe when the effect of drainage congestion is combined with several other factors, including excessive rainfall in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. Being one of the world's most vulnerable countries from the point of view of climate change, the Government and the people of Bangladesh are sensitive to environmental issues.

Project implementation started in 1996 and was scheduled for completion at the end of 1999. The project aims to assist countries with economic analysis of climate change mitigation strategies by establishing, applying and testing a consistent methodological framework. Development of methodological guidelines for climate change mitigation analysis and supporting handbook material was the first planned output of the project.

The Energy Technical Assistance and Rehabilitation Project was prepared and approved in 1987 in response to the civil conflict in Mozambique. It was realized that, without rehabilitation of the energy infrastructure, energy services would deteriorate even more and that improvements were needed to both the infrastructure and the supply of affordable energy services to support the economic recovery o f the country. The project had two objectives: to bring about rapidly a sustained improvement in the supply and distribution of electricity and petroleum products in the main urban areas of Mozambique; and to support economic recovery beyond the short term by helping energy agencies to prepare plans for the sound development of the power, petroleum, and household energylwood fuels subsectors.

Este proyecto consiste en la generación de energía, por medio de la instalación de 30 turbinas eólicas de 660 KW marca Vestas, potencial nominal 20 MW, con una generación annual aproximada de 115 GWh.

This evaluation aims at reviewing the aforementioned project, which is designed to help Kenya in meeting its commitments under the UNFCCC. It is part of a comprehensive review of climate change activities in Kenya, and complements related UNEP/GEF environmental activities in Kenya such as projects addressing issues of biological diversity, international waters, and the ozone layer. The main objectives of the project were to prepare an initial national communication through updating results from previous projects, fill in identified data and analytical gaps and further enhance and strengthen Kenya's scientific and technical capacity in climate change

The objective of the project was to assist Viet Nam to prepare the Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change. The final draft of the Initial National Communication was successfully produced following lengthy coordination with the various ministries and agencies concerned. It is expected that the Government of Viet Nam will soon officially submit the report to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The project evaluated has been implemented internally by the UNEP Task Manager for Climate Change Enabling Activities, currently located in the Division of Policy Development and Law and externally by the Directorate of Environment and Rural Infrastructure at the Ministry of Rural Development and Environment of Mauritania with the support of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). This project provided financial assistance to Mauritania to prepare the greenhouse gas inventory, identify and assess mitigation options, develop a comprehensive vulnerability assessment of various sectors, identify adaptation options for the first stage, build capacity to integrate climate change concerns into planning, ensure public awareness and provide other relevant information required to achieve the broad objectives of the Convention.

The evaluation starts by introducing Zambia's national circumstances. Its economy is based on copper mining, which accounts for over 95 per cent of its foreign exchange earnings. Zambia derives its electricity mainly from hydroelectric power, which provides about 13 per cent of the country's total energy needs. Sources of greenhouse gases are found in the form of woodland, charcoal, petroleum and coal. Zambia's interest in environmental issues dates back to 1985, when the country developed its first environmental policy - the National Conservation Strategy.

The United Republic of Tanzania has demonstrated keen interest in contributing to global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by participating actively in many climate change activities. The economy of the United Republic of Tanzania has since 1986 been undergoing restructuring from a centralized and Statecontrolled economy to a market-oriented one. Agriculture is the most important economic activity, supplying both food and raw materials. This evaluation looks at various issues such as the institutional framework, project management and coordination that were employed to facilitate the implementation of the GEF Enabling Activity Project. The project was executed under the auspices of CEEST in collaboration with the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC). The Division of Environment, under the Vice-President's Office, also played a role in the implementation.

The present evaluation examined and assessed the activities carried out by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Government of Pakistan (Ministry of Environment) under the UNEP subproject entitled Pakistan: enabling activities for the preparation of initial national communications related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (referred to hereinafter as the Convention.

The project commenced in November 1998 and was originally planned to be completed in two years. However, it had to be extended by one year owing to late start-up and constraints related to weak initial capacities and institutional development. The project has helped to identify institutions that have the initial capacity to be involved in such initiatives and whose capacities could be further enhanced to undertake further work on climate change in Mongolia. More importantly, the project has helped the Government of Mongolia and the stakeholders to understand the consequences of climate change in a land-locked country that is heavily dependent on an agricultural and pastoral economy. Adequate interest has been generated in policy development on climate change and the integration of these issues into overall development planning.

The developmental objectives of Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management Project (PROGEDE) were to meet an important part of the rapidly growing urban demand for household fuels, without the further loss of forest cover and the ecosystem's carbon sequestration potential and biodiversity, and to generate opportunities for employment and income generation in the participating communities.

The objectives of the project were to assist the Recipient in encouraging the substitution of renewable solar energy for fossil fuels in public and commercial private institutions so as to mitigate global warming by maximizing carbon dioxide displacement and demonstrate the potential of solar water heating (SWH) for reducing global warming.

The objectives of the project were to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Macedonia by substituting power produced by small hydropower plants for power produced from thermal generation. The second objective was to encourage the development of independent power plants especially mini-hydropower plants. This was to be done by constructing mini hydropower plants with a total capacity of about 1200 kW on the water supply systems of the towns of Kavadarci and Debar in Macedonia.

The main objectives of the Project were to demonstrate, on a pilot scale, and over a five-year time frame, the potential for electricity savings to reduce fossil fuel requirements for electricity generation, with corresponding reductions in C02, NOx, and SO2 emissions; and strengthen the institutional capacity of the electricity sector and other relevant public and non-public agencies to engage in energy efficiency anhacement, implement the saving programs developed through the Project on a larger scale, and develop a framework for broadening the program on a country-wide scale.

The Global Environment objective was to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, save energy and costs by removing barriers to implementation of climate-friendly, commercially viable technologies. The development objectives were promotion of innovative commercial financing and delivery mechanisms for energy-efficient street-lighting projects and preparation of project transactions for implementation and financing on commercial terms by local financial intermediaries (FIs), including ones with capital available from IFC.

In 1993, the World Bank, in conjunction with the Global Environment Facility (GEF), approved the Thailand Promotion of Electricity Energy Efficiency Project. The Project had two major objectives: to build sufficient institutional capability in the Thai electric power sector and the energy-related private sector to deliver cost-effective energy services throughout the economy; and to pursue policies and actions that would lead to the development, manufacture and adoption of energy efficient equipment and processes within the country.

The project objectives are to meet the rapidly increasing demand for power in Luzon using indigenous and environmentally superior geothermal energy, strengthen the energy sector by implementing institutional, planning and financial improvements recommended by the Energy Sector Plan (ESP), support the large ongoing private sector participation in power generation, and facilitate it by extending the national grid, strengthen National Power Corporation (NPC) capabilities in environmental and social impact analyses, introduce enhanced co-financing operation (ECO) in the Philippines; and ensure the financial viability of NPC and Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC) for undertaking a long-overdue investment program.

The specific objectives of the project were to create an enabling regulatory and policy environment for project implementation and provide technical assistance and training to peasants, charcoal makers, producers and sellers of stoves and urban consumers to efficiently harvest and carbonize fuelwood, to manage the natural forest in a sustainable manner, and to effectively market and use improved kilns, biomass and kerosene stoves.

The overall objective of the project was to reduce CO2 emissions through increased energy efficiency in Kenya's small- and medium-sized enterprises and consequently provide growth of Kenya's industrial sector. The project, which started in January 2001, under the Kenyan Ministry of Trade and Industry through the Kenyan Association of Manufacturers (KAM) aimed to remove barriers to energy efficiency in SMEs.

The seven-year RBBPGC Project represents a collaborative effort between GEF, UNDP, the National Energy Policy Office (NEPO) - now the Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO)/Ministry of Energy, and the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA) to promote the adoption of renewable energy by removing barriers to biomass power generation and cogeneration with an ultimate goal of reducing GHG emission.

Township and village enterprises (TVE) have engaged surplus agricultural labor, raised standard of living of farmers, induced social stability and prevented urban migration. By their nature, TVE have employed widely diverse scale and genre of technologies, financing mechanisms and capability. Generally, they exhibit lower performance levels than state owned Enterprises (SOE).

El objetivo principal del Proyecto es construir y fortalecer la capacidad de los sectores p

The project's objective was to strike a balance between development and environmental concerns by using a sustainable model of solar electricicity dissemination in Zimbabwe's rural areas, to address the issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming. The programme will serve as a demostration of an innovate and still unproven technical approach as an alternative to planned grid extensions.

The purpose of the SOLCO project was stated in broad terms as seeking to address the harmful effects of current cooking practices in South Africa on the environment and on the safety and quality of life of, in particular, the poor, through the rollout of solar cookers as a solution. The purpose of the UNDP/GEF funded component of the project, more specifically was to attempt pilot production and commercial dissemination of solar cookers in South Africa.

Throughout the past decade transport projects have played a pivotal role in the support of economic development and poverty alleviation. This evaluation assesses the Bank's activities in transport during the period 1995-2005 as well as its preparedness to meet emerging challenges. It concludes that past performance has been well managed and effective, especially for intercity highway construction and rehabilitation, that the Bank's approach to transport contributed to private sector development particularly though private contracting of maintenance, that project outcome ratings have shown a steady improvement since the early 1990s, and that key elements of the current strategy-sustainability, private sector involvement, and urban strategy- remain relevant today.

The Third Roads Project aimed to improve the operation of existing roadways around Colombo, and in the south and west of the country through support for road rehabilitation and improved planning and oversight. No new roads were built. The project's main pbjectives were achieved, albeit with shortcomings; mainly shortfalls in works delivery, weak procurement oversight and contractor performance. road safety issues were also overlooked, and key institutional goals left unattained.

The programme aims at improving the understanding of energy, environment and climate (EEC) issues among researches and policy makers in Asian developing countries through a centrally coordinated, regional effort to build policy-oriented research capacity, with involvement of researchers and institutions in the region.

All countries which contribute to the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol have the right to use up to a 20% quota of their contribution to the Fund for their own bilateral projects. The Swedish bilateral projects are implemented and co-ordinated by the Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI). The projects follow the 1997 Sida Guidelines for the Swedish Bilateral Programme under the Montreal Protocol. These Guidelines focus on increasing developing-country ownership of the phase-out with necessary institutional build up and programmes.

The project has improved energy efficiency and reduced GHG emissions by removing barriers to the widespread commercialization of energy-efficient refrigerators. It successfully combined elements of "technology push" by providing a combination of training, technical resources and financial incentives to induce refrigerator manufacturers to increase the efficiency of the household refrigerators they produce; and "market pul" by preparing and developing the consumer market through a combination of standards, labeling, an information campaign, to accept and purchase in quantity the energy-efficient refrigerators produced.

The goal of the project is to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the production of electrical energy for use in buildings in both Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal. The project had limited outcomes in terms of implementation of the outputs (e.g. building energy audit recommendations, energy efficiency regulations for buildings, etc.). However, as a result of the project, documents related to the formulation of new building energy efficiency regulation were produced. Also, 122 building energy audits were carried out (73 in Cote d'Ivoire and 49 in Senegal) and about 25 training reports were produced including the guidelines for energy efficiency for Cote d'Ivoire. No details were found on the contents of the audit and training reports. A database was created with information on the audited buildings energy characteristics, the potential energy savings, the investment needs and the pay-back period for the investments. For example, the total consumption for the 122 buildings is approximately 200 GWh annually. If all recommendations were implemented (building retrofittings and equipment operation modalities), the savings would exceed 50 GWh per year, which represents CFA 2.5 billion in cost savings annually. This would require an investment of CFA 1.6 billion (US$2,400,000). The database could have been used to prepare the portfolio of projects for international donor financing.

The Enabling Activity has assisted Belize in preparing its First National Communication to the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.The activity raised public awareness about the possible impacts of climate change on the country. It also facilitated efforts to coordinate climate change related activities among the relevant agencies. It provided a vehicle for endogenous capacity building in climate change such as the preparation of greenhouse gas inventories, and the preparation of vulnerability assessments and adaptation and mitigation options.

Sida requested the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate Swedish environmental support to Tunisia and Senegal during the last 10 years. For this purpose Sida selected six projects in Tunisia and five in Senegal, all in the field of the environment. The projects in Tunisia were: two for training personnel working at sewage treatment plants, three for technical support and studies for constructing wastewater treatment plants, and one for the development of a regional environmental action plan. The projects in Senegal were: one for the development of a National Environmental Action Plan, one to hold a seminar for implementation of this plan, one to work out a system for environmental monitoring, one for the rehabilitation of sewage systems in three cities, and one for environmental studies in industry.

This evaluation encompasses phase I of the programme on Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia. It was coordinatede by the Asian Institute of Technology with much of the field work being undertaken by twelve National Research Institutes in six Asian Countries. It was implemented over a two-year period between 1996 and 1998. This report also includes the evaluation of the proposal submitted for the second phase.

Originally the intention was to evaluate all Sida/SAREC supported environmental research projects in Tanzania. Subsequently it was decided to limit the evaluation to two important programmes at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM): Man

AFREPREN was conceived on the premise that the countries in Eastern and Southern Africa display many common features in the availability and use of natural resources, environment, demography, land use, economy and trade, and are faced with similar challenges with respect to energy use and supply. The key objective of AFREPREN is to strengthen local research capacity and to harness it in the service or energy policy making and planning.